Relationship between Health behavior and Medication Adherence among People Living with HIV
Sangduan Ginggeaw Wantana Maneesriwongul Poolsuk Janepanish Visudtibhan

ABSTRACT
People living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy should have optimal medication adherence and health promoting behaviors to enhance treatment and health outcomes. A descriptive correlational study was conducted to determine the relationships between selected factors, health behaviors and medication adherence. A sample of 120 people living with HIV was recruited from a NAPHA (National Access to Antiretroviral Therapy for People living with HIV/AIDS) Clinic in a selected tertiary care hospital in Thailand. A questionnaire for data collection composed of: demographic and health status information, health behaviors, and medication adherence. It was revealed that about 65 percent of the subjects had moderate overall health behaviors. For averages of sub-components of health behaviors, the subjects had good scores on interpersonal relations and stress management; moderate scores on health responsibilities, nutrition, and spiritual growth; and poor scores on physical activity. This study also found no significant difference of health behaviors between the subjects with good medication adherence and those with poor medication adherence. In addition, having fixed job employment and having concomitant drugs had significant relationships with medication adherences. The results of this study are useful for health care teams in providing care to people living with HIV who receive antiretroviral therapy. More considerations should be given to enhancing medication adherence together with promoting healthy behaviors, to ensure the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and reduce cardiovascular risk due to long-term adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy.

Keywords: Health Behavior/ Medication Adherence/ HIV

Predictive Factors of Preventive Behaviors Toward Dust among Rice Mill Workers in Lower Northeast Region of Thailand
Boontarika Inwanna Ann Jirapongsuwan Surintorn Kalampakorn

ABSTRACT
This cross - sectional study aimed to examine factors associated with preventive behaviors toward dust among rice mill workers. Through cluster random sampling, samples included 146 rice mill workers. Data were collected by interview using the questionnaires based on PRECEDEPROCEED Framework including questionnaire for knowledge about dust prevention was calculated by kr-20, resulting in the value of 0.74. for questionnaire for perception, enabling factors, reinforcing factors, and dust preventive behaviors were analyzed for its internal consistency by Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha, resulting in the values of 0.82, 0.79, 0.93, and 0.86, respectively. Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used. Results demonstrated that most of the samples aged between 31 – 40 years old, completed primary education (43.8 %), and 30.1% of the samples smoke. About half of the respondents had the moderate level preventive behaviors toward dust. It was also found that factors associated with preventive behaviors toward dust (p-value < .05) were; demographic factors (i.e., level of education), predisposing factors (i.e., knowledge about hazard from dust, perceived severity of dust exposure, perceived benefits of preventive behaviors toward dust, perceived barriers of preventive behaviors toward dust and type of machine), enabling factors (i.e.,work environment and providing health information), reinforcing factors (i.e., social support from coworkers, employers and healthcare providers). Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support from employers, providing health information, and education level explained 38.9% of variance preventive behaviors toward dust. The findings suggest that social support for preventive behaviors toward dust from employers should be enhanced. Health information should also be provided through boards, books, pamphlets, especially for those with less education to promote work safety resulting in quality of life among rice mill workers

Keywords: Dust / Preventive behaviors / Rice mill workers

Effects of Multimedia Materials and Model Practices on Knowledge and Self-confidence in Nursing Practice for Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Among Nursing Students
Suthisa Lamchang Somchit Kiatwattanacharoen

ABSTRACT
Multimedia can be used as a self-learning tool to promote knowledge among nursing students. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to examine the effects of multimedia materials and model practices on knowledge and self-confidence among nursing students in nursing practice for children with acute respiratory tract infection. A purposive sample included 76 fourth year nursing students enrolled in the academic year 2013, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University. Participants were randomized into either the comparison or experimental group, based on the practical block rotation, 38 students in each group. The two groups had no difference in means of grade point average (GPA). The experimental group received clinical teaching before pediatric nursing practice from a teacher and using multimedia materials and model practices. The comparison group received clinical teaching before pediatric nursing practice from the same teacher. The research instrument consisted of the Multimedia Materials about Nursing Practice for Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection, the Opinion of Multimedia Materials Questionnaire, and the Knowledge Regarding Nursing Practice for Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Questionnaire which were developed by Lamchang and Jintrawet (2013) and the Self-confidence in Nursing Practice for Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Questionnaire, developed by the researcher which the content validity index by 5 experts was 0.81. The reliability of the Knowledge Questionnaire and the Self-confidence Questionnaire were 0.88 and 0.98 respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and t-test. The results of this study revealed that the experimental group had significantly higher knowledge scores and self-confidence scores in nursing practice for children with acute respiratory tract infection than those of the comparison group (p-value < .01) After intervention, the experimental group had significantly higher knowledge scores and self-confidence scores in nursing practice for children with acute respiratory tract infection than before intervention (p-value < .01) The findings of this study suggest that multimedia regarding nursing practice for children with acute respiratory tract infection can be used as a nursing educational tool with model practices. This tool was shown to be effective in promoting knowledge and increases confidence among nursing students when engaging in pediatric nursing practice and can be applied in nursing practice.

Keywords:Multimedia/ Model practice/ Nursing practice/ Children/ Acute respiratory tract infection

Effects of Self-care Promoting Program on Self-care Behavior among Older Adults with Uncontrolled Hypertension in Bangkok Metropolitan
Kotchakorn Thamnamsin Kwanjai Amnatsatsue Patcharaporn Kerdmong kol Jintana Artsanthia

ABSTRACT
This quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate self-care behavior among community-dwelling older adults with uncontrolled hypertension. A total of 60 subjects, and 60- 79 years old with blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg within past 6 months, who met inclusion criteria and lived in the two communities in Bangkok metropolitan, were randomly assigned to be in an experimental (n = 30) and a comparison groups (n = 30). The experimental group received a 6-week self-care promoting program, consisting of health education and skill training regarding hypertension, self - management, and complication prevention; home visit; weekly telephone follow-up; and group discussion. The comparison group received regular services from the same primary health care center. Data were collected by the researcher using questionnaires before and after the intervention. According to t-test analysis, after the intervention, the experimental group had significantly higher mean scores of self-care behavior than before the intervention, and those in the comparison group (p-value < .001). The findings support that the self-care promoting program, in applying the Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory, can increase self-care behavior among older adults with uncontrolled hypertension. A community nurse practitioner should apply this program to promote self-care among older adults with other chronic diseases in other urban communities. In addition this program can be applied for elderly leader groups and village health volunteer for monitoring chronic disease in community. A further study should examine the retention of self-care behavior and the long term effects of the program among older adults with uncontrolled hypertension and other chronic disease.

Keywords: Elderly/ Uncontrolled Hypertension/ Self-care

Dietary-Taking, Exercise, and Medication Adherence in Thais with Hypertension Based on Gender, Age, and Educational Level
Sirirat Leelacharas Jiraporn Chontichachalalauk Wanna Sanongdej

ABSTRACT
Lifestyle behaviors including dietary-taking, exercise, and medication adherence are important for caring Thais diagnosed with hypertension. However, these lifestyle behaviors still lack of the overall factual investigation with each demographic variable ---- gender, age, and educational level. Investigating these behaviors at once with each demographic variable is also the advantage because it helps reduce type I error in the analysis. This research study aimed to investigate each demographic variable ----gender, age, and educational level with lifestyle behaviors including dietary-taking, exercise, and medication adherence and to compare all lifestyle behaviors with age and educational groups, using secondary data (the end of 2010) of 660 Thais diagnosed with hypertension living in urban Bangkok and rural (outside Bangkok) areas. Questionnaires were composed of demographic information of gender, age, and educational level and questionnaires of dietary behaviors, exercise, and medication adherence. The test-retest reliability of dietary-taking behavior was .86. The internal consistency reliabilities of exercise behavior and medication adherence were .71 and .64 respectively. Descriptive analysis, one-way MANOVA, and post hoc analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that gender had the effect on dietary-taking behavior only and age had effects on all lifestyle behaviors; however, educational level had no effect on all lifestyle behaviors. In post hoc analysis, the group of ages 60-74 years and the group of age 75 years and over had better mean scores of dietary-taking behavior than the adult group (less than 60 years). The group of ages 60-74 years had better mean score of the exercise than the group of age 75 years and over. The groups of ages 60-74 years and age 75 years and over had better mean scores of medication adherence thanthat inthe adult group. The study indicated that the adult group needed health strategies to better improve dietary-taking behavior and medication adherence. The age group of 75 years and over needed specific help to improve exercise appropriately.

Keywords: Dietary-taking/ Exercise/ Medication adherence/ Thais with hypertension

Predictive Factors for Adolescent Bullying Behavior in The Bangkok Metropolitan
Apinya Yaowabut Weena Thiangtham Arpaporn Powwattana Sutham Nanthamongkolchai

ABSTRACT
The objective of this cross-sectional survey is to study the factors predicting bullying behavior in adolescent in the Bangkok metropolitan by using PRECEDE Model. The population student who exhibit bullying behavior, totalling n = 137. A multi-stage sampling method and selfadministered questionnaire were applied. Data were analyzed in average value, standard deviation value. Chi-Square test was used for correlation analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was used for prediction ability as well as Multiple Regression Analysis. From the study results, typically adolescents exhibit physical and social bullying behavior at a low level (75.2% and 80.3% accordingly), verbal bullying behavior in medium level (46.7%). Factors that are statistically significant related to physical and social bullying behavior (p-value < .05) are exposure to violent media, the friend's influence of friend and associates, household environment and neighborhood environment. Factors that are statistically significant related to verbal bullying behavior (p-value < .05) are violent media consumption, friend's influence, household environment, neighborhood environment and social supports from teachers. From the Multiple Regression Analysis, friend's influences are a predictive factors for physical bullying by 18.9% (p-value

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Keywords: Falls/ Hospital Discharge/ Barthel Index

Process and Success Factors for Community Health Development based on Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy
Apa Puckpinyo Youngpradith Yupa Jewpattanakul Vishuda Chareonkitkarn Narirat Jitramontree Rutja Phuphaibul

ABSTRACT
The 11th Health Development Plan (B.E. 2555-2559, A.D. 2012-2016) aims to make Thais healthy based on the sufficiency economy philosophy of His Majesty the King. This study was a project retrospective of a participatory action research (PAR) using sufficiency economy philosophy to develop community health in a community in Nakornpathom province. The objective was to study the process of community health development and success factors. Key informants included 12 community leaders, 5 health personnel, 12 elders, 7 working age, and 12 adolescent and children. Focus group discussion, in-depth interview, and observations were conducted to collect data. The data were analyzed by content analysis and thematic analysis. Results showed that the PAR process composed of 3 stages including preparation, intervention, and evaluation. For the preparation stage, researchers and community members were taught to understand the sufficiency economy philosophy. The intervention stage, variety techniques were used such as brain storming, training, demonstration, music, and newsletter. And the evaluation stage, researchers and community members used both qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the program. Success factors were: preparing the researchers in terms of research methodology and principle of sufficiency economy philosophy; using community participation in every stage; utilizing effective techniques and integrating sufficiency economy philosophy in activities; developing trust and good relationship; and good collaboration from community leaders and health personnel. Application of the philosophy in terms of 'moderation' was to support appropriate activities as need of the community; 'reasonableness' was to encourage the community members to think critically; and 'self-immunity' was to facilitate them to initiate activities that protect harm to health and environment. This study suggested multidisciplinary research team is needed to promote balanced development in all aspects.

Keywords: Retrospect; Community participation; PAR; Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy